In North Carolina, the USA, Spell and Jonson ( 2019) related the formation of ravines to the initial deforestation and agriculture activities carried out by settlers in the 18th century. Gullies develop via a combination of extreme rainfall events and socioeconomic changes, such as the conversion of forests to cultivated areas, which has been described for the prehistory and the Roman period in Belgium, Poland and Germany by Poesen ( 2011) and Dagar ( 2018). Implementing the evaluation is challenging due to the high number of different forms of possible impacts, in the short, medium and long term, related to environmental, economic and social changes. In some cases, the lack of capacity to respond to environmental and social problems aggravates the scenario and leads to significant losses. The results demonstrate that the most significant impacts, according to the literature, are in South America, Africa, China and India, which are related to disordered land occupation. The results allowed for the elaboration of a theoretical model of the possible impacts of gullies and ravines and how they can be valued. We compiled the impacts in urban and rural areas, considering the changes caused by ravines and gullies throughout a hydrographic basin. Although many studies discuss the impacts of ravines and gullies, few studies have performed valuations of these impacts.
Based on keyword searches performed in the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases, more than 120 articles from 27 countries were identified that addressed and valuated these different types of impacts. This work systematizes available information about the variables relevant to analyze the impacts of ravines and gullies on socioeconomic conditions and ecosystem services.
Gullies and ravines affect human lives and the environment in many countries worldwide, however, few studies have assessed the impacts of the damage caused by these large linear erosions and clarified their influencing parameters.
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